Department of Humanities and Languanges

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://localhost:4000/handle/20.500.12092/1754

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A Cognitive Semantics Analysis of Selected Ekegusii Pop Songs
(Karatina University, 2019) Ondara, Ntabo Victor
Pop songs convey social messages in different perspectives. Studies on pop songs reveal that composers employ metaphors to express their subjective feelings. The meaning of the metaphors in Ekegusii pop songs need to be interpreted to understand the message of the composers.The purpose of the study was to undertake a cognitive semantics analysis of Ekegusii pop songs. The study was guided by the following research objectives: to identify the metaphors in the Ekegusii pop songs using the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit; to analyse the metaphors in the Ekegusii pop songs using the Conceptual Metaphor Theory; and to determine the influence of the demographic variable of sex in the conceptualization of the metaphors in Ekegusii pop songs. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory was employed to map the metaphors in the Ekegusii pop songs into different corresponding conceptual mappings.The study employed the mixed methods research design. The target population was the Ekegusii speakers. An interview was conducted among the 36 participantsselected based on sex. The Ekegusii pop songs were purposively sampled using the criterion of richness in metaphoricity. The qualititative data were analysed thematically by classifying the identified metaphors into four conceptual domains using the principle of Great Chain of Being metaphor. Four annotators, including the researcher, collected 54 Metaphor Related Words basedon the criterion adapted from the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit. The identified metaphors were translated into English and presented in a table which containedthe metaphor value and the level of the metaphor in the principle of Great Chain of Being Metaphor. Three lexical units were marked as Discard From Metaphor Analysis. The study further classified the Metaphor Related Words as direct, indirect and possible personifications. The quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences in which Chi square at a significance level of 0.05 was employed to test the statistical relationship between sex and metaphoric conceptualization. The study found that sex significantly influences the conceptualization of the conceptual domains of: A HUMAN BEING IS A HUMAN BEING, A HUMAN BEING IS AN ANIMAL and A HUMAN BEING/EDUCATION IS AN OBJECT. However, Chi square test analysis showed insignificant association between sex and the conceptual domain ofA HUMAN BEING/EDUCATION IS A PLANT in the negative metaphor value.The research concludes that metaphor is a useful cognitive tool of conceptualizing human beings and the concept of education in Ekegusii pop songs. The study recommends that language researchers should employ the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit in metaphor studies.The findings of the study will benefit the audience of the Ekegusii pop songs, ethnographers and metaphor theorists to conceptualize Ekegusii pop songs and culture.
Assessment of Language Shift among the Youth in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Karatina University, 2019-09) Kimani, Rosemary Wamaitha
Language shift among multilingual societies is an issue of global concern. Kenya, a multilingual society, is gradually losing her indigenous languages especially among the youth in towns and cities. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent of language shift among the youth in Nairobi County. The study was guided by the following objectives: to explore the domains in which the youth in Nairobi County use their ethnic languages; to establish the attitude the youth in Nairobi County have towards ethnic languages; to assess the influence of the gender variable on language shift among the youth in Nairobi County; and to determine the effect of ethnicity on language shift among the youth in Nairobi County. The study was based on the Domain Theory. The study employed the ex-post facto research design. The study targeted students and language teachers in public day secondary schools in Nairobi County. Simple random sampling was used to select the schools and the students to be studied. Ninety eight (98) students and seven language teachers participated in the study. Questionnaires were used as the tools of data collection. Descriptive statistics in form of frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to analyse findings. Chi-square tests were conducted to establish the relationships between gender, attitude and ethnicity and the use of mother tongue in social and formal domains. The study found that the youth use their mother tongue sparingly and in very limited contexts such as at home or when their parents visit their schools. Students had negative attitudes towards mother tongue as they did not find it very useful. The study found that there was a significant relationship (χ2=18.143, p<0.05) between gender and the language used by students in communication with friends of the same sex. The findings also show that there was a significant relationship (χ2 =13.144, p<0.005) between gender and the language used at school. However, there was no significant relationship between ethnicity and any of the indicators of language shift. The study concludes that although majority of youth are conversant with their mother tongue, the extent to which the youth use mother tongue in social and formal domains is very low. The findings of the study would inform linguists on the current trend of indigenous languages in Kenyan urban centres and cities. The findings would also inform both the policy makers and curriculum developers on the challenges threatening the survival of the indigenous languages.
EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF PASTORAL CARE PROGRAMMES ON GRIEF MANAGEMENT AMONG WIDOWS IN ACK DIOCESE OF EMBU, KENYA
(Karatina University, 2022-11) MBAABU, KELLYJOY KATHOMI
The death of a loved one is a painful experience that requires appropriate grief care. The loss of a husband for a widow is experienced as irreplaceable. It brings about an emotional constraint which could easily develop into depression. Therefore, a systemic understanding of the process of grieving is most important for pastoral care to grief management. The church esteems quality grief care especially with the increase in deaths. To deal with the above challenges the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) Diocese of Embu utilize pastoral care programmes for widows’ grief management. Widows in the ACK Diocese of Embu are registered at the diocesan office and meet quarterly every year for pastoral care programmes. However, the information on the effectiveness of these pastoral care programmes is limited. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the effectiveness of the pastoral care programmes on grief management among widows in the ACK Diocese of Embu. The specific objectives were: to analyze the common challenges faced by widows in various stages of grief; to examine the effectiveness of pastoral Care programmes on grief management among widows in ACK Diocese of Embu and to evaluate the measures employed to make pastoral care programmes in ACK Diocese of Embu more responsive to the challenges faced by widows. Kubler-Ross’ theory on grief care for the bereaved guided the study. The study adopted descriptive survey research design and targeted 968 widows already in the pastoral care programmes, 7 Archdeacons heading the 7 Archdeaconries of ACK Diocese of Embu and 1 diocesan Bishop. Taking 10 percent of the targeted population as an acceptable sample size, systematic random sampling was used to select every 10th element hence a sample size of 97 respondents. The 7 Archdeacons and the 1 diocesan Bishop were purposively selected as key informants, giving a total of 8 representatives of the pastoral caregivers in the ACK Diocese of Embu. Data was collected from respondents using questionnaires. An Interview guide was used in data collection from the Diocesan Bishop. To test for reliability of the data collection instruments, a pilot study was conducted in two Archdeaconries of the neighbouring ACK Diocese of Kirinyaga. Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of questionnaires and a coefficient α=0.72 an indicator that the research instruments were reliable. Validity of the instruments was ensured through expert opinion. Ethical considerations of anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent were strictly adhered to. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Data presentation was done in Tables, graphs and pie charts. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic approach to enrich quantitative results. The study found out that existing pastoral care programmes insufficiently addressed the quality of life in its eschatological character. Again, the study found out that of the stages of grief, acceptance, bargaining, denial and anger affected 9%, 32%, 22% and 21% of the widows respectively. The study recommends that pastoral care programmes should address widows’ existential challenges and grief reactions as normal in reference to Christ’s suffering and the parting anxiety that is characterized by conveying God’s closeness and presence during a widow’s denial, anger, depression, guilt, bargaining, loneliness, acceptance and adaptation. The findings from this study will add on to existing knowledge on grief management and may be useful in improving the effectiveness of existing pastoral care programmes within ecclesia communities.
An Assessment of the Influence of Disability Legislation Awareness on Employability of Persons with Disabilities in Post-Secondary Institutions in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
(karatina University, 2022-11) WAITHANWA, LUCY WAIRIMU
Gakaara wa Wanjau was referred to as the “Chief Mau Mau Propagandist” by the colonial government because of his revolutionary literary works. This made him to be one of the longest serving Mau Mau detainees from 1952-1959. Despite his activist works that culminated in his long detention, Gakaara wa Wanjau was neither rewarded nor recognised among the most honoured independence heroes by the post-colonial regimes. He was arrested and accused of involvement with Mwakenya (The Union of Patriots for the Liberation of Kenya) activities during president Moi’s era. The purpose of this study was to examine Gakaara wa Wanjau’s literary contribution to the politics of freedom struggle in both colonial and post-colonial Kenya. The objectives of the study were to: (i) trace Gakaara wa Wanjau’s socio-political experiences during the colonial period that influenced his political consciousness; (ii) examine the influence of his political writings to the Mau Mau nationalist movement and, (iii) finally explore Gakaara’s socio-political activities after detention that influenced his relationship with the post-colonial governments. The study was informed by the Relative Deprivation Theory (RDT) which argues that people take action for social change in order to gain their rights. The study adopted historical research design which employs document analysis and validated with oral interviews from respondents. The sample population comprised thirty informants who are reasonably enough in a biographical research. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select respondents drawn from Gakaara wa Wanjau’s acquaintances in the struggle for independence. The study used open-ended questionnaires research instrument to generate qualitative data. The study contributes towards enriching the Kenya’s Mau Mau historiography by demonstrating that there were other forms of effective struggle for independence, like literary activism whereby the barrel of the pen was used, apart from fighting in the forest.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ‘JITEGEMEA’ PHILOSOPHY ON THE SELF-RELIANCE, PROPAGATION AND GOVERNANCE OF PCEA IN NYERI AND KIRINYAGA COUNTIES, KENYA (1971-2021)
(Karatina University, 2023) KARIITHI, ALICE MURUGI
The call for moratorium on foreign missionaries and subsequent adoption of ‘Jitegemea’ (self-sustaining) philosophy in the Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA) provoked a strong debate about the future of the church and her ability to develop without external support. However, limited research has examined the effectiveness of the ‘Jitegemea’ philosophy on the development of the church, fifty years later. This study assessed the effectiveness of Jitegemea philosophy on the attainment of the goals of PCEA in Nyeri and Kirinyaga counties which form the Kirimara West Presbytery. The specific objectives were: to explore factors leading to the call for moratorium on foreign missionary activities in the PCEA; analyze the positive outcomes of adopting the ‘Jitegemea’ philosophy on the spiritual, social and economic functions of PCEA; examine the challenges experienced by the PCEA since the moratorium; and assess the extent to which the PCEA in Nyeri and Kirinyaga counties has achieved the goal of self-sustenance. Henry Venn’s theory of a self supporting, self-governing and self-propagating church guided the study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted and targeted 13,180 ordinary members, 418 elders and 13 Parish ministers. A sample size of 100 respondents from ordinary church members who were selected using Yamanne’s formula of 10% participated in the study. In addition, 20% of the 418 church elders were selected to give a sample of 84 elders. One parish minister from each of the 11 parishes was purposively selected for the study, giving a sample of 11 ministers. Data from the ordinary church members and elders was collected using questionnaires. An interview guide was used to collect data from the parish ministers. To test for validity and reliability of the data collection instruments, a pilot study was conducted in two parishes in the neighboring Murang’a County. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the questionnaires and a coefficient of 0.705 was achieved, indicating that the instruments were reliable. Ethical considerations of anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent were strictly adhered to. After collection, quantitative data was analyzed descriptively using percentages and frequencies. Data presentation was done in form of tables, bar graphs and pie charts. Qualitative data was analyzed using the thematic approach to enrich the quantitative results. The study found out that the call for moratorium on foreign mission activities was a strategy to allow the PCEA churches to be self-reliant and embrace total responsibility for the work of the church and its mission activities. Among the positive outcomes of adopting the ‘Jitegemea’ philosophy were improved financial freedom, increased church membership and gender equality in service. However, inadequate resources slowed the achievement of the PCEA goal of self-reliance, self-governance and self-propagation despite the effort made. Despite the challenges members of the PCEA still believe that it is necessary for the church to be self-reliant in its activities. The study recommends regular training on how to carry out mission work and evangelization, proper planning of church projects to save on funds and formulation of policies to guide decision making in church governance. The study findings are expected to add on to the existing literature on the ‘Jitegemea’ philosophy and may provide valuable lessons to policy makers, church leaders, Christians and other stake holders on church development and project sustainability.
KINAYA KAMA NJIA YA KUBAINISHA MAUDHUI: MIFANO KUTOKA RIWAYA YA CHOZI LA HERI NA TAMTHILIA YA KIGOGO
(Karatina University, 2023-11) MWANIKI, MILKAH WANJUGU
Kinaya ni mbinu muhimu ya kimtindo ambayo hutumiwa na waandishi wa riwaya na watunzi wa tamthilia kuwasilisha ujumbe wao katika kazi za fasihi. Madhumuni ya utafiti huu yalikuwa: Kuchunguza matumizi ya kinaya kama mbinu ya kimtindo katika kubainisha maudhui na wahusika katika matini mbili za fasihi ya Kiswahili ambazo ni: riwaya ya Assumpta K. Matei ya Chozi la Heri na tamthilia ya Kigogo ya Pauline Kea. Malengo ya utafiti yalikuwa; moja, kubainisha aina mbalimbali za kinaya katika kazi teule za fasihi; mbili, kueleza jinsi kinaya kimetumika kuendeleza maudhui katika matini mbili teule za fasihi ya Kiswahili; tatu, kueleza jinsi kinaya kinavyotumika katika kujenga sifa za wahusika katika kazi teule. Utafiti uliongozwa na Nadharia ya Kimtindo pamoja na mihimili yake ambayo iliongoza kila sura ya utafiti huu. Nadharia hii inaeleza kwamba ili kuielewa kazi ya fasihi, msomaji anafaa kuelewa kuhusu mbinu za lugha ambazo zimetumika. Utafiti huu unaangazia mbinu ya kinaya vile imetumika katika kubainisha maudhui kama vile uongozi mbaya, ukatili, unafiki na ufisadi. Miongoni mwa waasisi wake ni Coombes (1953). Riwaya ya Chozi la Heri na tamthilia ya Kigogo ziliteuliwa kimakusudi kwa msingi wa utajiri wao wa kinaya. Ili kupata data katika utafiti, mtafiti alisoma vitabu, nadharia, na majarida yanayohusiana na mada ya utafiti. Utafiti ulitumia muundo wa utafiti wa kimaelezo. Mjadala wa vikundi lengwa uliohusisha washiriki wanne pamoja na mtafiti ulitumika kukusanya data kutoka katika matini teule. Data ilichanganuliwa kwa misingi ya malengo ya utafiti. Utafiti unabainisha kuwa kuna aina mbalimbali za kinaya katika kazi za fasihi. Hizi ni: Hali, drama, mazungumzo, kilimwengu, na kinaya cha kisokratiki. Utafiti pia unadhihirisha kuwa vinaya vya hali, mazungumzo na drama ndizo msingi katika ukuzaji wa dhamira na wahusika katika matini mbili teule. Utafiti huu ulihitimisha kuwa kinaya huwa muhimu katika fasihi kwa kuwa hutumika katika kubainisha maudhui hasi katika jamiii kwa kuonyesha matendo maovu ya wahusika wanayotenda kinyume cha matarajio ya wahusika wengine. Kwa mfano viongozi wanaweza kujitokeza wakitenda matendo hasi kama vile mauaji, usaliti uzinzi na ubinafsi kinyume na matarajio ya wananchi waliowateua.Tena kinaya ni muhimu kwa kuwa hutumiwa kueleza sifa za wahusika katika fasihi kwa kuonyesha vile wahusika wanatenda maovu jambo ambalo ni kinyume cha matarajio ya wahusika wengine na pia wasomaji.kuwasilisha maudhui na wahusika katika kazi za fasihi na kinapaswa kufasiriwa kimuktadha ili kuimarisha mawasiliano. Utafiti unapendekeza kuwa watafiti wa lugha watumie kinaya kama nyenzo ya kuwasilisha masuala yanayodhihirika katika jamii. Utafiti huu unanuiwa kuwanufaisha watafiti wa fasihi ya Kiswahili, wanafunzi, waandishi wa riwaya na watunzi wa tamthilia ili kubainisha dhima ya mitindo ya kifasihi kama vile kinaya katika kuwasilisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa na mwandishi.
AFRICAN ORAL LITERATURE: ANALYSIS OF VISUAL RESOURCES AND IMPROVISED TECHNIQUES IN SELECTED BUKUSU CIRCUMCISION SONGS
(Karatina University, 2023-11) JUMA, WABWILE BENSON
The study is an analysis of visual resources and improvised techniques in the actualization of the Bukusu circumcision songs. The study examines the roles, social cultural values and dynamisms of visual resources and improvised techniques in actualizing Bukusu circumcision songs. Visual resources and improvised techniques in the Bukusu circumcision songs are likely to vanish due to social and cultural chamges. The purpose of this study was to determine the specifics impact of these valuable components in Bukusu circumcision songs. The study's objectives examined the role of improvised techniques and visual resources in actualizing Bukusu circumcision songs, analyze the social-cultural values attached to them and evaluate their dynamic nature. There are scanty and generally analysed literary studies on Bukusu oral literature; this study intends to fill the gap by focusing on visual resources and improvised techniques integral to the Bukusu circumcision songs. The research was conducted among the Bukusu sub-community of Luhya community in Kimilili- Sub County, Bungoma County with a sample size of 220 respondents. The study employed Performance Theory because it was a performance-cantered approach and more adequate for analysing visual resources and improvised techniques employed in Bukusu circumcision songs more effectively. The study relied on mixed methods research designs. The primary and secondary sources were exploited in data collection. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package of Social Sciences then subjected to the rating scale. Regarding study objective number one, the study found that visual resources and improvised techniques played a role actualising Bukusu circumcision songs. The study's second objective found that social-cultural values are attached to visual resources and improvised techniques in Bukusu circumcision songs. In analysing the dynamism of visual resources and improvised techniques in Bukusu circumcision songs, this study found that that education and theme change in BCS impacted visual resources and improvised techniques. The researcher demonstrated that visual resources and improvised techniques components exhibited during the actualization of Bukusu circumcision songs are integral parts of Bukusu circumcision songs, without which the songs are deemed incomplete. This work will be critical to scholars in various institutions where subjects including music, dance, and creative sculptures are fields of interest to societies. Based on the objective of study, the researcher recommends that the roles of visual resources and improvised techniques in Bukusu circumcision songs cannot be ignored; there is a need for the government of Kenya and other cultural stakeholders to appreciate these components and initiate programs that promotes traditional circumcision songs as a source of tourist attraction activities in Kenya.
EXAMINING RESETTLED FARMERS’ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN UNFAMILIAR AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF LAIKIPIA CENTRAL SUB COUNTY, KENYA
(KARATINA UNIVERSITY, 2024-09) WANJUKI, NJERU CAROLINE
Resettled farmers in Shalom settlement scheme originated from agro-ecological zone II in Nakuru and Uasin Gishu, Rift Valley region. Comparatively, these areas have better agricultural and livestock production potential than agro-ecological zones IV in Laikipia Central Sub-county where they are currently settled. Crops and livestock production has remained their main sources of livelihood therefore in their unfamiliar agro-ecological zone; they are compelled to practice different farming practices to sustain their production. There is scanty research on the range of adaptive strategies that these resettled farmers have adopted as the most effective in their current unfamiliar agro-ecological zone. The main purpose of the study was to examine the adaptation strategies by resettled farmers Laikipia Central Sub County. The specific objectives of the study were to compare agro-ecological conditions in zone II the farmers’ initial region with the new resettlement area, to identify the constraints faced by resettled farmers in adapting to unfamiliar agro-ecological zones’ conditions in Laikipia Central Sub County, to identify the adaptation strategies adopted by resettled farmers in unfamiliar agro-ecological zones’ conditions in Laikipia Central Sub County. The study employed Impoverishment Risk and Reconstruction Model. A descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. The target population for the study was 1525 household heads. A sample of 233 households was derived from 15% of the targeted population and 4 community leaders. Key informants were sampled through purposive sampling procedure and census survey was used for 4 community leaders. Data was collected from the household heads using questionnaires as well as through interviews with 4 community leaders. Quantitative data was analyzed using t-test and ANOVA in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 26.0). The results showed significant differences in agro-ecological conditions between Shalom and Nakuru (t-test value = 0.441, p = 0.034) and between Shalom and Uasin Gishu (t-test value = 0.2511, p = 0.012). To mitigate these differences, most resettled farmers have adopted adaptation strategies like water harvesting and conservation, crop diversification and changing of the planting calendar which they consider as the most effective while migration is considered the least effective. Effective adaptation strategies, coupled with support from various stakeholders, are essential for enhancing agricultural resilience and ensuring sustainable livelihoods in the face of changing climatic and environmental conditions. Continued research and targeted interventions can further empower these communities to thrive amidst climatic and environmental uncertainties. Policymakers and stakeholders should alsoleverage these insights to design targeted interventions that address the specific needs of resettled communities, fostering sustainable agricultural practices and enhancing the overall success of resettlement initiatives.