Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management
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Item Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal as a Sustainable Protein Source for Fish Feed Production in Kenya(SPRINGER, 2023) Opiyo, M. A.; Nairuti, R. N.; Ngugi, C. C.; Holeh, G. M.Aquaculture has been ranked as one of the fastest-growing food sub-sectors, providing quality protein to better the livelihoods of rural communities alongside curbing malnutrition and food security globally. Nonetheless, the industry’s sustainability has been threatened by the high cost of fish feeds, which account for approximately 60–70% of the total operational costs. Fish meal (FM) has been extensively utilised as the main source of protein in the diets of farmed finfishes. However, due to declining capture fisheries and competing uses from other animal feed producers, the ingredient has become a scarce resource with limited availability and high prices. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been identified as a promising alternative protein source in fish feeds. BSFL are documented to have high nutritional content: crude protein (of up to 64% dry matter), essential amino acids, fatty acids, and other micro-nutrients which are vital for the growth of fish. BSFL meal has the potential success of replacing FM in the diets of various fish species. This chapter focuses on analysing recent research work in BSFL proximate and chemical composition, its current utilisation in fish feeds and gaps to be filled in its complete utilisation as an ingredient in commercial feed production. This information is expected to help both cottage and commercial fish feed producers utilise BSFL in feed production in Kenya and further will promote the sustainability of the aquaculture industry.Item Impact of aquaculture development on water quality of fish ponds in gatundu North and south sub-counties, Kenya(International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 2019-06) Ngugi, CC; Kitur, Esther; Wairimu, Theuri Olive; Mwangi, BM; Nzeve, JKAquaculture development in Kenya has increased in the recent past due to Government support, however, information on its influence on water quality is scanty. This study looked at the influence of fish culture on water quality in fish ponds. Water samples were collected from pond inlets and fish ponds and physico-chemical parameters analyzed. Means of measured parameters at the pond inlets were; Temp(21.27±3.31 °C), DO(4.45±0.73mg/l), EC(27.38±17.21µS/cm), TDS(368.61±135.21mg/l), pH(7.31±0.45), N-NO3(2.06±2.38mg/l) and PO4-P(0.29±0.41mg/l) while mean values inside the ponds were; Temp (23.58±3.85 °C), DO(4.89±1.09mg/L), EC(34.63±19.50µScm-1) TDS(493.13±136.67mg/l), pH(7.68±0.50), NO3(2.76±2.35mg/L) and PO4-P (1.71±1.50mg/L). Values of measured parameters were within acceptable limits for aquaculture as per WHO standards. All parameters significantly increased in pond water as compared to inlet water showing that aquaculture was contributing to deterioration of the water quality in fishponds. This calls for effluent treatment, regular monitoring and sensitization of farmers on good aquaculture practices.Item Different levels of probiotics affect growth, survival and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in low input ponds(Elsevier, 2019) Ngugi, Charles C.; Karisa, Harrison Charo; Jumbe, James; Opiyo, Mary A.A 7-month experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different levels of probiotics (baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Bacillus subtilis) on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in low input ponds. Monosex male fingerlings (40 g) were randomly distributed into 28, 1.25 m3 net cages at 50 fish m−3 and fed twice daily at 3% body weight on seven isonitrogenous (28% crude protein) diets supplemented with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 × 1010 CFU g−1) or Bacillus subtilis (1 × 109 CFU g−1) at different levels: Diet 0 (control); Diet 1–3 were supplemented with S. cerevisiae at 2 g kg −1 (Diet 1); 4 g kg−1 (Diet 2) and 6 g kg −1 (Diet 3) whereas Diet 4–6 were supplemented with B. subtilis at 5 g kg−1 (Diet 4); 10 g kg−1 (Diet 5) and 15 g kg−1 (Diet 6). Higher final weight (255.31 ± 3.19), Specific Growth rates (SGR) (0.77±0.01) and better Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) (1.61 ± 0.02) were recorded in fish fed on Diet 2 followed by fish fed on Diet 5. Fish fed on probiotic- supplemented diets had significantly better growth, nutrient utilization and FCR compared to fish fed on the control diet (P < 0.05). Probiotic supplementation significantly affected the body composition of the fish (P < 0.05). S. cerevisiae led to significantly high protein (86.06%) at 4 g kg−1 (Diet 2) (P < 0.05) while B. subtilis led to significantly higher protein (89.40%) at 5 g kg−1 (Diet 4) (P < 0.05). Crude lipid and ash content were significantly lower in the fish fed on probiotic supplemented diets (P < 0.05) compared to the control. This study has demonstrated that the application of probiotics in diets of Nile tilapia in low input ponds promotes growth and enhances body composition. The two probiotics have got different effects depending on the level of application. S. cerevisiae exhibited the best performance at 4 g kg−1 while B. subtilis had the best performance at 10 g kg−1Item A Review on the Potential of Aquaculture Development in Kenya for Poverty Alleviation and Food Security(African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 2017-03) Aloo, P. A; Charo, Karisa H.; Munguti, J.; Nyonje, B.On the global scene, aquaculture accounts for about 50% of total fish production amounting to about 80 million metric tonnes. It is estimated that another 40 million metric tonnes of aquatic food will be required by the year 2030. Today, fish farming represents the fastest growing sector of food production. Moreover, aquaculture has a major role to play in the achievement of the first three Sustainable Development Goals on poverty, hunger, food security and healthy lives of people from developing countries. This is significant especially in the developing countries where poverty and malnutrition are a reality. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, per capita fish production from aquaculture is still below world production levels. In Kenya, inland capture fisheries accounted for over 90% of the total national fish production while marine capture fisheries contributed about 5% in the last decade. Kenya has one of the fastest growing human populations in the world indicating that the demand for fish and fish products will continue to rise, increasing the gap between supply and demand. Currently, aquaculture only produces about 24,000 metric tonnes of fish annually compared to an annual average of 178,000 metric tonnes from natural fisheries. The dominant cultured species include: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykis) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Culture systems commonly used are static ponds and raceway systems. In addition, the country is endowed with numerous aquaculture resources ranging from favorable climatic conditions to vast water resources. In the year 2009, the Kenyan government took steps to enhance aquaculture production through an Economic Stimulus Programme. This has increased the contribution of aquaculture in Kenya to 11.0% of the total fish production. This paper discusses the growth and development of aquaculture in Kenya during the last 50 years and the impact of government support to the sub-sector. The paper also proposes strategies for ensuring that Kenya becomes one of the leading producers of fish from aquaculture in Africa.Item Challenges Facing the Fishing Industry in Homalime and Kendu Bay Zones of Lake Victoria in Homabay County, Kenya(Historical Research Letter, 2015) Osamba, Joshia; Okello, Adhiambo Eunice; Parsitau, DamarisFishing has been an important source of livelihood for many Kenyans for many years. It is one of the oldest occupations of mankind. In Kenya, both gender have been involved in this industry while performing different roles such as fish production by the male and fish processing and marketing by the female. The roles ultimately complemented each other. The objective of the study was to establish the challenges the fisher folk have faced in the fishing industry in reference to Homalime landing bay and Kendu Bay County of Kenya. The study focused on the factors that have hindered the fishers from executing their roles as expected. Sampling was conducted in Homalime “Doho Beach” and at “Kotieno” in Kendu Bay. This took place between May 2013 and the month of August 2013. Data was obtained using a cross-sectional survey research design, quantitative and descriptive research designs. Information was collected through interviews using open-ended questions and questionnaire guides. The population of the study consisted of 1,804 registered fisher folk in Homalime and Kendu Bay by the year 2013. A number of fisher folk never registered because of various reasons although they participated fully. 586 of the fisher folk were registered in Kendu Bay while 498 were from Homalime. The fishers in both bays perceived that their challenges in the fishing industry were due to the decline of the Kenyan economy. The fisher folk could not be sustained by the income they realised from fishing activities since the daily expenses increased. Fish prices shot up lowering protein consumption among the fishing communities hence vulnerability to all kinds of diseases including diarrhea, amoeba, typhoid, cholera, malaria and HIV/AIDS. Results indicated the challenges in groups of major factors and individual factors that have hindered equitable economic growth of the fishing industry in the regions discussed in the study. Keywords: Challenges, Fisheries, Gender, Landing baysItem A Review of the Status and Potential of the Coastal and Marine Fisheries Resources in Kenya(International Journal of Marine Science, 2014-11) Aloo, P.A; Munga, C.N; Kimani, E; Ndegwa, SThe fishery sector is critically important especially in the developing world where millions of people depend on fish for their livelihood. In Kenya, fish is a very important source of food and in some communities, more than half of animal protein is derived from fish. The fisheries sector is made up of three sub-sectors: inland capture fisheries, aquaculture, and coastal and marine capture fisheries with overall contribution to total production of 85%, 9% and 6% respectively. The bulk of the total annual catch is landed along the shores of Lake Victoria. The main aquaculture species are Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) and Salmo trutta (trout). An average of 8,000 metric tons of coastal and marine capture fisheries valued at USD 4.1 Million is landed annually. This is mostly landed by the artisanal fishers whose fishing activities are restricted within the 0 – 3 nautical mile territorial waters, as these fishers are not sufficiently equipped to venture into the offshore fishing grounds. However, there is small fleet of semi-industrial bottom shrimp trawlers restricted to the only trawlable fishing grounds of the Malindi-Ungwana Bay. Kenya has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) which extends up to 200 nautical miles (nm) with a recent additional 150 nm. The EEZ remains under- exploited by the artisanal fishers and continue to be illegally exploited by the Distant Water Fishing Nations (DWFN). This study was carried out to establish the current status of fisheries resources along the Kenyan coast and to evaluate the challenges facing the sub-sector. Shore-based catch assessment was used to determine species composition of catches and fisheries frame surveys (2004, 2008, and 2012) were used to determine the fishing effort (number of fishers and fishing vessels). Results of this study reveal that demersal group such as scavengers, rabbit fish, snappers and parrotfish dominate the marine catch, constituting 50 % of the total marine and coastal fish landings. Pelagic group including mullets, bonito, cavalla jacks, mackerel, king fish and sail fish accounted for 28%, and elasmobranchs, crustaceans and mollusks constituted the remaining 22%.Item Effect of Social and Economic Drivers on Success of Small Scale Fish farming in Western Kenya(Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization, 2016) MUCHIRI, MUCAI; KUNDU, RODRICK; NJIRU, MURITHI; NYAMWEYA, CHRISPHINEAquaculture in Kenya provides important livelihood opportunities for the rural poor by improving the local economy as well as supplementing protein sources. Despite being one of the areas with highest aquaculture potential in the country, Western Kenya records some of the highest rates of poverty and malnutrition. This study undertook an assessment of socio-economic factors affecting small scale fish farmers in this region. Structured questionnaires were administered to 135 households through direct interviews. The relationship between fish production and variables affecting it were modeled using a multiple linear regression. The results revealed that access to road infrastructure was the most significant (p=0.00239) factor affecting fish production in the study area. Other significant factors of production include pond management level (p=0.01452), source of water for fish farms (p = 0.02029), fish feed (p=0.02241), status of fish ponds (p=0.0289) and location of ponds (p=0.029). Therefore policy planning for aquaculture development should strongly consider these factors as an important aspect of fish farming.Item A study of common causes of mortality among Fishermen in Lake Victoria, Kenya(African Journal of Health Science, 2018-10) Aloo, P.A; Opemo, D.O; Arudo, J.A; Mbithi, J.NThe fishing industry in Kenya plays an integral role in the socio-economic development of Kenya. However, the working environment of fishermen is characterized by a wide variety of occupational hazards and mortality attributed to work related diseases or accidents and injuries, which, are poorly reported. Most of the reported cases are in the formal sector, while the informal sector such as fishing, where most people are employed, are largely ignored. The objective of this study was to determine the causes of mortality and identify factors that influence mortality among fishermen in Lake Victoria. A two-year retrospective mortality survey using verbal autopsy was carried out among fishermen in eight riparian districts of Lake Victoria in Kenya. The study successfully followed up a total of 3058 deceased fishermen. The mean age at death was 33 years (SD: ± 9.5) and a median of 32 years ranging between 15 – 54 years. Peak mortality reported among fishermen aged 25 - 29 years (19.8%) and 30 – 34 years (19.3%) was comparable. The findings revealed that the major causes of death were HIV – related infections (33.8%) followed by drowning (14.3%), pulmonary tuberculosis (12.4%), and malaria (10.4%). Results of this study show that there is an urgent need to identify strategies that would prevent HIV – related infections and drowning among the fishing community.Item Fish Growth Performance at High Altitude Environment at Karatina University, Kenya(Global Journal of Advanced Research, 2018-10) Mugo, James Bundi; Chege, Moses GichuhoThis report entails the findings of fish growth performance project that targeted high altitude environment. One such environment is Karatina university fish ponds in Kenya. Fingerlings of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were stocked at 3.3 fish m-2 with an average body weight of 4.9-5.6 g. Feeding was done twice a day (10.00am and 4.00pm). Stocked – an average body weight of 4.9-5.6 g. The highest final mean weight of African catfish was (785.4±g), mean weight (248.4±1.4g), mean weight gain (780.4±5.5g) and SGR (2.9%) but lowest % survival (68%). Is was clearly indicated that the African catfish is more adaptable to low water temperatures than the other two fish species. As recorded by this study, African catfish performed better than all the other fish species.The study recommended that on farm trials should be carried out to test the growth performance based on fish farmers environmental natural conditionsItem Assessment of Growth Performance of Monosex Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) in Cages Using Low-Cost, Locally Produced Supplemental Feeds and Training Fish Farmers on Best Management Practices in Kenya(2018) Bundi, James M.; Ngugi, Charles C.; Fitzsimmons, Kevin; Manyala, Julius; Kimotho, Ann N.; Amadiva, Judith M.; Ndogoni, Julius N.; Munguti, JonathanChanging technology in aquaculture has been the major driving force for increasing aquaculture production in the phase of dwindling open water stocks. The choice of technologies and their adoption still remain a focus to increase production, productivity and farm incomes. We assessed the growth of Nile tilapia using locally available materials that included cages and low cost feeds to increased tilapia production in ponds. Various interventions were used among them experimental trials where we formulated low cost diets replacing expensive fish meal. A series of four workshops were also conducted over the course of this project period under this intervention. The first workshop on the development and use of best management practices in aquaculture was held in August 2014. This workshop targeting women in aquaculture had 18 women in attendance. There were two subsequent workshops, held in March and August 2015, and attended by fish farmers from Kirinyaga County. The fourth workshop was held for two days between 2nd and 3rd October 2015. This workshop specifically targeted the youth in aquaculture aimed at training the youth on integrated cage and pond culture focusing on development of cage culture in reservoirs located in the county of Kirinyaga that are presently underutilized by the communities. Graduate support covered three female students who selected because of their previous linkage with AquaFish CRSP and excellent role they continue to play in development of aquaculture in this region. Among them two have submitted their theses for examination. We submitted five peer reviewed publications during this project period with two being specific on low cost feed and fish meal replacement. AquaFish provided funds for HCPIs and graduate students to attend National, Regional and WAS Meetings and Conferences as well. We note that farmers adopted feed technology very well and in their survey feed formulation and fish breeding were their priority. Under lesson learned, we noted that farmers required frequent visits, simple materials for reading and constant communication. They also require strategies on fish marketing such as use of cell phones applications and Aquashops.