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Item The Role of Product Innovation and Entrepreneurial Passion on Performance of Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Companies in Kenya(2023-08) Kanyi Joseph Maina; Wanjau, Kenneth Lawrence; Kyalo,Teresia N.Research on the influence of entrepreneurial passion on production innovation and firm performance based on the contingency theory is rare. This is highly unusual given that the origin of firm-level entrepreneurial behavior demonstrable in decision-making styles, methods, process and practices is normally traced from the upper echelons (the CEO/Management) of the firm. This research aims to investigate the moderating effect of entrepreneurial passion in the connection between product innovation and performance of pharmaceutical manufacturing firms in Kenya. A survey of 150 firm owners/managers from different parts of Kenya was conducted. A pilot study was conducted to verify reliability and validity of the questionnaire through statistical description and analysis. Then exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to test the correlation between variables. Finally, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was run in R-studio using R packages plspm, and semPLS to verify the correctness of the proposed hypothesis and model. The results show that the designed questionnaire had good reliability [the correction item total correlation coefficients (CITC) of all scales are greater than 0.3, values of Cronbach’s α are higher than 0.6], the validity (all inventory accumulation explanation degree are higher than 50%) and the fitting, normed fit index (NFI) greater than 0.9, goodness of fit (GoF), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) less than 0.08, dULS and dG< than the 95% bootstrapped quantile (HI 95% of dULS and HI 95% of dG).The results suggest that product innovation has a significant positive effect on performance. The study also suggest that entrepreneurial passion is a significant moderator of the relationship between product innovation and performance. The moderation {R² change of 0.098, [F (1, 113) = 2.576, p < 0.05]}, is such that firms with higher levels of entrepreneurial passion tend to achieve greater performance from implementing product innovation and vice versa.Thismeans pharmaceutical manufacturing firms in Kenya that invest in product innovation, particularly in areas such as new product formulation, materials and design are more likely to experience new levels of high performance in the market place. The study recommends that, the Government of Kenya should establish an industrial innovation hub only for pharmaceutical manufacturing firms. This will promote Kenya as a pharmaceutical innovation hub where affordable medicinal drugs are produced. Nonetheless, this research study was cross-sectional and based only on pharmaceutical industry in Kenya. Future research is expected to be comparative, consider use of longitudinal data and establish optimal points for these constructs.Item Deep transfer learning optimization techniques for medical image classification: a review.(2022) Kariuki, Paul Wahome; Gikunda,Patrick Kinyua; Wandeto, John mwangiMedical image classification is a complex and challenging task due to the heterogeneous nature of medical data. Deep transfer learning has emerged as a promising technique for medical image classification, allowing the leveraging of knowledge from pre-trained models learned from large-scale datasets, resulting in improved performance with minimal training and overcoming the disadvantage of small data sets. This paper concisely overviews cutting-edge deep transfer learning optimization approaches for medical image classification. The study covers convolutional neural networks and transfer learning techniques, including relation-based, feature-based, parameter-based, and instance-based transfer learning. Classical classifiers such as Resnet, VGG, Alexnet, Googlenet, and Inception are examined, and their performance on medical image classification tasks is compared. The paper also discusses optimization techniques, such as batch normalization, regularization, and weight initialization, as well as data augmentation and kernel mathematical formulations. The study concludes by identifying challenges when using deep transfer learning for medical image classification and proposing potential future approaches for this field.Item Students Selection for University Course Admission at the Joint Admissions Board (Kenya) Using Trained Neural Networks(2011) Wabwoba, Franklin; Mwakondo, Fullgence M.Every year, the Joint Admission Board (JAB) is tasked to determine those students who are expected to join various Kenyan public universities under the government sponsorship scheme. This exercise is usually extensive because of the large number of qualified students compared to the very limited number of slots at various institutions and the shortage of funding from the government. Further, this is made complex by the fact that the selections are done against a predefined cluster subjects vis a vis the student’s preferred and applied for academic courses. Minimum requirements exist for each course and only students having the prescribed grades in specific subjects are eligible to join that course. Due to this, students are often admitted to courses they consider irrelevant to their career prospects and not their preferred choices. This process is tiresome, costly, and prone to bias, errors, or favour, leading to disadvantaging innocent students. This paper examines the potential use of artificial neural networks at the JAB for the process of selecting students for university courses. Based on the fact that Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been tested and used in classification, the paper explains how a trained neural network can be used to perform the students’ placement effectively and efficiently. JAB will be able, therefore, to undertake the students’ placement thoroughly and be able to accomplish it with minimal wastage of time and resources respectively without having to utilise unnecessary effort. The paper outlines how the various metrics can be coded and used as input to the ANNs. Ultimately, the paper underscores the various merits that would accompany the adoption of this technique. By making use of neural networks in the university career choices, student placement at JAB will enhance the chances of students being placed into courses they prefer as part of their career choice. This is likely to motivate the students, making them work harder and leading to improved performance and improved completion rate. The ANN application may also reduce the cost spend on the application processing and the time the applicants have to wait for the outcome. The ANN application could further increase the chances of high quality applicants getting admis sion to career courses for which they qualify.Item Integrating Artificial Intelligence Literacy in Library and Information Science Training in Kenyan Academic Institutions(SCECSCAL, 2024-09) Chepchirchir, SallyWith the rapid technological advancements, Library and Information Science (LIS) programs should evolve to equip students in academic institutions with Artificial Intelligence (AI) skills and knowledge to meet the demands of the information profession. The objectives of this paper were to establish the current state of AI literacy in LIS training in academic institutions in Kenya, examine the extent to which AI literacy has been integrated into LIS curricula in academic institutions, identify the challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of AI literacy in academic institutions in Kenya, and propose critical recommendations that the management in academic institutions should consider for integrating AI literacy in LIS training in Kenya. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. Quantitative data was collected through bibliometrics analysis, while qualitative data was collected using a systematic literature review and observation. Data was collected from Google Scholar using Harzing’s “Publish or Perish” software and academic institutional websites. It was analysed using Microsoft Excel, Notepad, and VOSviewer and presented using tables, graphs, and figures. The findings reveal that LIS professionals must possess essential skills and competencies in AI to meet the evolving needs of the job market. The study highlighted valuable practical insights and recommendations to the management in academic institutions on a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and challenges presented by AI literacy in LIS training, offering a foundation for future research, policy development, and pedagogical innovation in the field.Item Effectiveness of Reference Management Software in Enhancing Research Quality in Universities in Nairobi County, Kenya(SCECSAL, 2024-04) Kairigo, Samuel; Anduvare, EverlynReference management software (RMS) application is highly emphasised in academic research to improve research quality. However, studies raise concerns about their effectiveness since they have errors in functionality, language limitations, and inaccuracy of the citations and references generated. This study aimed to establish how effective RMS is in improving research quality. The study objectives were to investigate what reference management software is in use in the universities in Nairobi County, Kenya and to establish if reference management software programmes are effective in enhancing the quality of research in the selected universities. The study adopted a descriptive research design. This assisted the researchers in gathering data through a survey where an online questionnaire was administered to 18 respondents. All the universities within the County of Nairobi constituted the target population. The unit of analysis was the University Librarians because of their crucial role in promoting research quality in Kenyan Universities. In the analysis, insights were derived using a computer-based statistical package for social science (SPSS). The study revealed high satisfaction with RMS, particularly in terms of necessity, visual appeal, integration capabilities, and automatic formatting of references. While University librarians reported ease of navigation, there was limited awareness of alternative referencing approaches. Continuous institutional training programs for librarians and researchers on RMS usage, covering basic and advanced functionalities, are recommended.Item Knowledge management structure and effectiveness of interventions on fall army worm (FAW) management among smallholder maize farmers in Kilungu, Makueni County, Kenya(RUFORUM, 2022) Aoko, P.; Chimoita, E. L.; Nzuve, M. F.; Maina, D.; Jadesola, E.; Syanda, J.Maize productivity in Kenya has reduced by 4.3 per cent, partly attributed to Fall Army Worm (FAW) infestation with yield losses of up to 37 % of the annual maize production over three years. Innovators have developed practices that manage FAW infestation and increase maize yield. Knowledge of these interventions is not available to all farmers and thus not applied. This occasioned for an investigation into the knowledge management and effectiveness of FAW control practices in maize producing regions of Kenya. This study conducted structured interviews with key informants and households in Kilungu, Makueni County. It sampled 387 respondents with a 95% confidence level and applied multi stage sampling. Statistical analysis using STATA found a significant influence of education and total income on the selection and adoption of FAW management practice. Handpicking recorded p values of 0.033 and 0.013 respectively. Analysis of adopted FAW management practices against maize output showed a significant effect from handpicking, use of pesticides, detergents and/or soil with p values of 0.099, 0.049, 0.025 and 0.075 respectively. Fellow farmers and workshops as sources showed a significant influence on maize output with p values of 0.012 and 0 respectively.Item Effect of pre-harvest application of Chitosan and Silicon on growth, Lycopene content and shelf-life of tomato(2022) Gatahi, D.; Chimoita, E.; Kihurani, A.; Wanyika, H.Maize productivity in Kenya has reduced by 4.3 per cent, partly attributed to Fall Army Worm (FAW) infestation with yield losses of up to 37 % of the annual maize production over three years. Innovators have developed practices that manage FAW infestation and increase maize yield. Knowledge of these interventions is not available to all farmers and thus not applied. This occasioned for an investigation into the knowledge management and effectiveness of FAW control practices in maize producing regions of Kenya. This study conducted structured interviews with key informants and households in Kilungu, Makueni County. It sampled 387 respondents with a 95% confidence level and applied multi stage sampling. Statistical analysis using STATA found a significant influence of education and total income on the selection and adoption of FAW management practice. Handpicking recorded p values of 0.033 and 0.013 respectively. Analysis of adopted FAW management practices against maize output showed a significant effect from handpicking, use of pesticides, detergents and/or soil with p values of 0.099, 0.049, 0.025 and 0.075 respectively. Fellow farmers and workshops as sources showed a significant influence on maize output with p values of 0.012 and 0 respectively.Item Developing an Early Warning System for Monitoring Drought and Ethnic Conflict for Poverty Alleviation in Tana River District, Kenya(African Institute for Health and Development, 2006-06-18) Amuyunzu-Nyamongo, Mary; Mwenzwa, Ezekiel MbithaInternal and external conflicts have increased in African countries since independence and especially after the cold war. Whenever civil war occurs, it has often led to destruction of lives and property, leaving behind it a great trail of human suffering. In Kenya, where ethnic conflict has occurred in Rift Valley, Coast and North Eastern provinces, the impact has been devastating. Ethnic conflict in Tana River District can be traced back to 1948, which has resulted in the retardation of socio-economic development. It is against this background that the current study seeks to examine the timing, causes, consequences and the best practices to deal with drought and ethnic conflict. Specifically, it aims at developing an early warning system to monitor drought and ethnic conflict. The study will be carried out in the three divisions of Bura, Galole and Garsen in Tana River District, Kenya. This will be a collaborative study between the African Institute for Health & Development (AIHD), the government of Kenya and the communities. It will utilize participatory tools of data collection (historical timelines, seasonal calendar, problem analysis flow diagrams, focus group discussions and key informant interviews). An interviewer-based questionnaire will be administered to 685 respondents drawn from the three divisions. It is envisaged that minimizing the effects of drought and tensions that lead to ethnic conflict would significantly contribute to poverty reduction. Peace and security in this district would allow people to engage in agricultural and livestock production, and other income generating activities with minimal worries of possible attacks. The study is expected to contribute to the government’s and its development partners’ drought preparedness plans and conflict resolution not only in Tana River district but also in other areas with similar characteristics.Item Effectiveness of Reference Management Software in Enhancing Research Quality in Universities in Nairobi County, Kenya(2024-04-23) Wakahia, Samuel Kairigo; Anduvare, Everlyn-Item Deep Transfer Learning Optimization Techniques for Medical Image Classification: A Review(2022) Kariuki, Paul Wahome; Gikunda, Patrick Kinyua; Wandeto, John MwangiMedical image classification is a complex and challenging task due to the heterogeneous nature of medical data. Deep transfer learning has emerged as a promising technique for medical image classification, allowing the leveraging of knowledge from pre-trained models learned from large-scale datasets, resulting in improved performance with minimal training and overcoming the disadvantage of small data sets. This paper concisely overviews cutting-edge deep transfer learning optimization approaches for medical image classification. The study covers convolutional neural networks and transfer learning techniques, including relation-based, feature-based, parameter-based, and instance-based transfer learning. Classical classifiers such as Resnet, VGG, Alexnet, Googlenet, and Inception are examined, and their performance on medical image classification tasks is compared. The paper also discusses optimization techniques, such as batch normalization, regularization, and weight initialization, as well as data augmentation and kernel mathematical formulations. The study concludes by identifying challenges when using deep transfer learning for medical image classification and proposing potential future approaches for this field.