Department of Humanities and Languages
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Item The Role of Plantosemic Metaphors in the Conceptualization of the Males in Ekegusii: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach(2023-06-06) Ndung’u, Catherine Waithera; Ntabo, Victor OndaraPlants are fundamental in the transference of semantic aspects that are helpful in structuring maleness in society. As a result, plantosemic metaphors which enhance conceptualization of omosacha (a man) are ubiquitous in Ekegusii. This study employed conceptual mappings to evaluate Ekegusii plantosemic metaphors. The study adopted descriptive research design. First, an interview schedule was utilised to establish the terms used to describe men in Ekegusii from 48 Ekegusii native respondents purposively sampled using the criterion of gender. The collected terms were then subjected to the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU) in which four annotators undertook the MIPVU procedure. Through MIPVU, ten metaphors were identified. The study then selected three metaphors that describe a man as a plant hence the Ekegusii plantosemic metaphors for analysis. The study reveals that Ekegusii plantosemic metaphors are critical in validating the culturally assigned roles to men among Abagusii. Moreover, the principle of conceptual mappings is useful in divulging critical issues concerning gender relations between men and women in Gusii. The paper concludes that metaphor is a valuable tool of communication and should be explained using the Cognitive Linguistics framework.Item REPRESENTATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN EKEGUSII PROVERBIAL METAPHORS: AN IMAGE SCHEMATIC ACCOUNT(2023-05) Ndung’u, Catherine Waithera; Ntaboi, Victor OndaraProverbial metaphors are useful resources for communicating known truths about life in a given community. Most African proverbial metaphors, however, make reference to customs and situations that might be unfamiliar to some language users especially young people. On the basis of this background, this study employed image schemas to interpret Ekegusii proverbial metaphors that allude to young people. The research was anchored within descriptive research design. Primary data was collected from four Ekegusii respondents of an advanced age of at least seventy years old through an interview schedule. The collected data were then subjected to the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU) in which four annotators were used to identify Ekegusii proverbial metaphors. Seven Ekegusii proverbial metaphors that refer to young people were identified through MIPVU. The identified proverbial metaphors were then subjected to the FORCE and CONTAINER schemas and their subsidiary schemas for analysis. The paper reveals that there are norms and customs regarding young people that are conveyed through Ekegusii proverbial metaphors. In addition, image schemas are fundamental in explaining the role, place, and cultural expectations of young men and women in Gusii. The study concludes that proverbial metaphors are useful tools of communication, and should be interpreted using Cognitive Linguistics paradigm. Article visualizations:Item The Role Visual Resources and Improvised Techniques Play in the Actualization of Bukusu Circumcision Songs(2023-07) Juma, Benson Wabwile; Maina, Lucy Muthoni; Maitaria, Joseph NyehitaThe study is an analysis of visual resources and improvised techniques in actualization of the Bukusu circumcision songs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role visual resources and improvised techniques play in the actualization of Bukusu circumcision songs. The study employed Performance Theory because it was performance-centered approach and more adequate to analyze visual resources and improvised techniques employed in Bukusu circumcision songs in a more effective way. The study relied on fieldwork methods like note taking, video recording, interviews, and questionnaire and participant observation. It also employed purposive sampling procedures that used to obtain a maximum number possible of informants from whom data was collected, analyzed and documented. Both primary and secondary sources were utilized in data collection. The quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) in which, the rating scale was as follows: Strongly Disagree (SD) = 1; Disagree (D) = 2; Agree (A) = 3; Strongly Agree (SA) = 4. While the qualititative data was analysed thematically then subjected to the rating scale. The researcher concluded that, visual resources and improvised techniques play a role in the actualization of Bukusu circumcision songs in regard to; composition, aesthetics and performance. The findings in table 2 showed that, majority of respondents 106 (56.7%) strongly agreed that composition of visual resources and improvised techniques played a role in the actualization of Bukusu circumcision songs. Elements like gestures, costumes and dramatic elements like body movements, facial expressions and tonal variations. VR and IT turned a boring song into an interesting and memorable song. Facial expression showed feelings of the performer and audiences, the costumes of the performers, all combined reveled the beauty and the semantic content of the song and the performance. The findings on aesthetics in table 3 established that, women’s personal interest in aesthetics in BSC had a role on use of visual resources and improvised techniques, ululation brought in a happy mood of the mother and aunties of a circumcision candidate at 15 (76.9%). Youth at 20 (66.3%) believed that aesthetics had a role on VR and IT like costumes was associated with seriousness of the initiation process. Men liked aesthetics of visual resources and improvised techniques at 35 (70.7%). These implied that, men just like women and youth had an interest in aesthetics exhibited in BCS through VR and IT made the song exciting. VR and IT in BCSs had its messages as well as its aesthetics which were learned through the language of drum, the clapping of hands, the characterization and body movements of the performers; the participation of audience and their imitation of the other audience-performers and the ululations by aunties and mothers made the songs enjoyable. Concerning the performance of VT and IT, the study in table 4 established that, 113 (60.6%) strongly agreed that, during performance of BSC, visual resources and improvised techniques were employed by the both the performer and audience-performer that made a song lively. The study recommends that, the roles of visual resources and improvised techniques in Bukusu circumcision songs cannot be ignored; there is need for the government of Kenya and other cultural stakeholders to appreciate these components and initiate programs that promotes traditional circumcision songs as a sources of tourist attraction activities in Kenya.Item Remote Sensing Applied for Land Use Change Assessment and Governance in Riau-Indonesia.(Springer, 2023-07) Agustiyara, Agustiyara; Székely, Balázs; Nurmandi, Achmad; Musyimi, PeterRemote sensing offers the potential to provide up-to-date information on changes in forestry areas over large areas. Its application makes it possible to make assessments related to land use change. This research aims to assess whether land change using remote sensing can provide an efficient alternative, both in terms of cost and time, including improving forest governance policy support. Remote sensing and forest governance are state-of-the-art in this research for the devel opment of knowledge from in-depth data analysis. This study was conducted in Bengkalis-Riau Province, Indonesia because, the regency has become the most vulnerable region for forest fires since 2013 and the province has experienced growing pressure from an expanding palm oil industry. It has the largest tropical peatland area and palm oil plantation in Indonesia. The use of remote sensing data methods improved the sensitivity of detecting classified forest cover, provid ing a better understanding of changes that are usually difficult to map, including fires, smallholders and industrial scale of agricultural areas, peatland cover, wet lands, and barren forest land. Both smallholder and industrial agricultural areas are also better detected. The result from Sentinel data indicate forest, and land cover changes after evaluation, which focuses on the spatial, spectral, and tempo ral resolution of the imagery. The cover of land use change generated by remote sensing data shows the classification of land conditions in the study area, ranging from cultivated land, bare soil, forestry, oil palm plantations, and peatlands within the plantation area. Integration of artificial intelligence will be further explored.Item Akporhonor, B. A. & Olise, F. N. (2015). Librarians' Use of Social Media for Promoting Library and Information Resources and Services in University Libraries in South-South Nigeria. Information and Knowledge Management, 5(6). Retrieved from: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IKM/article/viewFile/23139/23651.bh. on 12/05/2021. Anbu, J. P. & Kataria, S. (2016). Reference on the Go: A Model for Mobile Reference Services in Libraries. 57(3). Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02763877.2015.1132181?af=R&journalCode= wref20 on 14/5/2021. Barnhart, F. D. & Pierce, J. E. (2011). Becoming mobile: Reference in the ubiquitous library. Journal of Library Administration, 51: 3, 279-290. Loyola eCommons, Loyola University Chicago. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.946.3710&rep=rep1&type=pdf. on 22/2/2021 Buigues-Garcı´a, M. & Gime´nez-Chornet, V. (2012). Impact of Web 2.0 on national libraries, International Journal of Information Management, 32(1), 3-10 Carscaddon, L. & Chapman, K. (2013). Twitter as a marketing tool for libraries. In Thomsett-Scott, B.C. (Ed.), Marketing with Social Media: A LITA Guide. Chicago: American Library Association. Chitumbo, E. M. M. & Chewe, P. (2015). Social media Tools for Library service delivery in higher learning institutions: Case of University of Zambia and National Institute of Public Administration Libraries. Research Journal of Library Sciences, 3(5), 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.isca.in/RJLS/Archive/v3/i5/1.ISCA-RJLS-2015-011.pdf on 14/5/2021. Chu, M. & Meulemans, Y. (2008). The problems and potential of MySpace and Facebook usage in academic libraries. Internet Reference Services Quarterly, 13(1), 69–85. Retrieved from www.informaworld.com on 20/5/2021. Chu, S. K. & Du, H. S. (2013). Social networking tools for academic libraries. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 0 (0), 1-12. Chu, S. K. & Du, H. S. (2013). Social networking tools for academic libraries. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 0 (0), 1-12. Dankowski, T. (2013). How libraries are using social media. Retrieved from http://www.americanlibrariesmagazine.org/article/how-libraries-are-using-social-media on 22/6/2021. Dickson, A. & Holley, R. P. (2010). Social networking in academic libraries: the possibilities and the concerns. New Library World, 111(11/12), 468–479. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074801011094840. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/03074801011094840 on 14/5/2021. Dickson, A. & Holley, R. P. (2010). Social networking in academic libraries: the possibilities and the concerns. New Library World, 111(11/12), 468–479. DOI: 18 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074801011094840. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/03074801011094840 on 14/5/2021 Dowd, N. (2013). Social Media: Libraries Are Posting, but Is Anyone Listening? Retrieved from http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2013/05/marketing/social-media-libraries-are-posting-but isanyone-listening/ on 22/6/2021. Du Toit, K. & Mulatiningsih, B. (2013) Social media for libraries. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/karendtoit/socialmedia-for-libraries-karen-du-toit-2692013 on 22/2/2018 Dudenhoffer, C. (2014). Pin it! Pinterest as a library marketing and information literacy tool. College and Research Libraries News, 73(6), 328-332. Egbukole, K. (2017). Adopting mobile technologies for social media based library services at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), Nigeria. Mini-Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, The Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Ekoja, I. I. (2011). Modern ICT Tools: Online Electronic Resources Sharing using Web 2.0 and its implications for library and information practice in Nigeria. Samara Journal of Information Studies, 11(1&2), 53 –58. Ezeani, C. N. & Igwesi, U. (2012). Using social media for dynamic library services delivery: The Nigeria experience. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 814. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl/.edu/libphilprac/814 on 14/5/2021 Ezeani, C. N. (2010). Network literacy skills of academic librarians for effective services delivery: The case of the University of Nigeria, Library Systems. In the Proceedings of Second Professional Summit on Information Science and Technology (PSIST). Nsukka: Nnamdi Azikiwe Library U.N.N 56-66. Ezeani, C. N. (2011). Network literacy skills of academic librarians for effective services delivery: The case of University of Nigeria Library System. Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved from http://uidaho.edu/~mbolin/ezeani.htm on 11/06/2021. Fakas, M. (2007). Going where patrons are. American Libraries, 38(4), 27-32. Retrieved from http://www.itc.conversationnetworking on 20/5/2021. Gallardo, R. (2013). Social media for libraries: social media use. Retrieved from http://www.webjunction.org/events/webjunction/Library_Social_Media_Use.html on 22/2/2018. Gentry, L. (2014). Library pinterest examples. Retrieved from http://www.pinterest.com/lauramgentry/library-pinterest-examples/ on 20/5/2021. Gunelius, S. (2014). What is a blog? Retrieved from http://weblogs.about.com/od/startingablog/p/WhatIsABlog.htm Jain, N., Verma, R. & Tiwari, P. (2012). Going social: the impact of social networking in promoting education. International Journal of Computer Science, 9(1), 483-485. Kaplan, A. M. & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite: the challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. 19 Kaplan, M & Blakley, J. (2009). ‘The business and culture of social media’ Retrieved http://www.learcenter.org/pdf/businessandcultureofsocialmedia.pdf on 20/5/2021. Kibugi, S. (2013). The use of social media in the dissemination of information in selected public and private university libraries in Kenya. Innovation, 47(1), 101-120. Leonard W. P. (1994). Libraries without walls: field service librarianship. Journal Academic Libraries, 20(1):29–30. Marion, A. & Omotayo, O. (2011). Development of a social networking site with a networked library and conference chat. Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and information sciences, 2(8), 396 – 401. Retrieved from http://www.cisjournal.org on 11/6/2021 Megan Lotts and Stephanie Graves (2011). Using the iPad for reference services: Librarians go mobile. College and Research Libraries, 72(4). Retrieved from: http://crln.acrl.org/index.php/crlnews/article/view/8544/8876. 20/5/2021. Mohd, S. A. & Aditya, T. (2017). Use of WhatsApp for effective delivery of Library and Information Services. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 37(5), 360- 365, DOI: 10.14429/djlit.37.11090. Retrieved from: http://122.252.233.35/ojs/index.php/djlit/article/viewFile/11090/6013 on 20/5/2021. Moran, B. B. & Leonard, E. (2009). Academic librarianship. In: Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Sciences. 3rd ed. J. D. Mcdonald and M. Levine-Clark, Eds. New York: Taylor Francis. 1-10. Mundt, S. (2013). Evaluating the marketing success of libraries’ social media presences. Paper presented at the IFLA World Library and Information Congress, 17 - 23 August 2013, Singapore. Retrieved from http://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/196 on 20/5/2021. Nazim, S. H. M. (2015). Use of different information and communication technologies in Indian academic libraries. Library Review, 64 (1/2), 135-153. Peyala, V. (2011). Impact of using information technology in central university libraries in India” Results of a survey, program. Electronic Library and Information Systems, 45(3), 308- 322. Potter, N. (2013). Marketing academic libraries in a web 2 world. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/thewikiman/marketing-libraries-in-a-web-2-world on 20/5/2021. Ritholz, B. (2010). History of social media. Retrieved from: http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2010/12/history-of-social-media/ on 17/04/2021 RUSA (2017). Definitions of reference. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/rusa/guidelines/definitionsreference on 20/5/2021. Statt, N. (2016). WhatsApp has grown to 1 billion users. The Verge, Vox Media. Retrieved from http://www.theverge.com/2016/2/1/10889534/whats-app-1-billion-usersfacebook-mark zuckerberg on 5/6/2021. Szkolar, D. (2012). Pinterest: a new social media opportunity for libraries. Retrieved from http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2012/03/10/pinterest-a-new-social-media-opportunityfor libraries/ on 5/6/2021. Taylor & Francis Group (2014). Use of social media by the library: current practices and future opportunities. Retrieved from http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/access/white-paper socialmedia.pdf 20 Thanuskodi, S. (2011). WEB 2.0 Awareness among Library and Information Science Professionals of the Engineering Colleges in Chennai City: A Survey. Journal of Communication, 1(2), 69- 75. Valentine, M. & Oleniczak, E. (n. d.). New York Public library. Retrieved from http://www.pinterest.com/nypl/ on 5/6/2021. Walia, P. K. & Gupta, M. (2012) Application of web 2.0 tools by national libraries. Webology, 9(2). Retrieved from http://www.webology.org/2012/v9n2/a99.htm.l on 5/6/2021. Wan, G. G. (2011). How academic libraries reach users on Facebook. College and undergraduate libraries, 18(4), 307-318. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.cim/loi/wcul20 on 3/7/2021 Witte, G. G. (2014). Content generation and social network interaction within academic library Facebook pages. Journal of Electronic Resources Librarianship, 26(2), 89-100. View publication stat(EANSO, 2023-07-08) Wanjugu, Milkah; Maitaria, Joseph Nyehita; Mwangi, Peter KinyanjuiMtunzi wa kazi ya kazi ya fasihi hususan riwaya na tamthilia, hutumia mbinu mahususi kuwasilishia matukio na mawazo yanavyoshuhudiwa katika jamii. Mbinu hizo huteuliwa na mtunzi kwa makusudi ili ujumbe unaokusudiwa kuwasilishwa na kueleweka kwa mwafaka na hadhira. Mbinu hizo ni zile zinazojibainisha katika kitengo cha tamathali za usemi. Katika utafiti huu, mbinu inayozingatiwa ni kinaya ambacho huwasilisha ujumbe kinyume na matarajio. Utafiti huu unatuonyesha matumizi ya kinaya katika riwaya ya Chozi la Heri (2017) ambayo imeandikwa na Matei na tamthilia ya Kigogo (2015) ambayo imeandikwa na Kea. Wanakejeli uhuru katika mataifa yaliyopata uhuru mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1960 barani Afrika. Mataifa haya ni yale ambayo baada ya kupigania uhuru na kuunyakua kutoka kwa wakoloni, bado raia wanahisi kuwa wanaendelea kuwa katika hali ya kudhulumiwa na hali ya maisha kuwa magumu kutokana na uongozi usioafiki maono ya matarajio yao. Utafiti huu utabainisha jinsi watunzi wa riwaya na tamthilia teule yaani Assumpta Matei na Pauline Kea mtawalia walivyowasilisha kazi zao kwa kuzingatia mbinu ya kinaya katika kubainishia na kuukejeli uongozi katika bara la Afrika. Malengo ya utafiti huu yatakuwa, kufafanua matumizi ya kinaya katika riwaya ya Chozi la Heri na tamthilia ya Kigogo, kujadili jinsi waandishi wa riwaya ya Chozi la Heri na tamthilia ya Kigogo wametumia kinaya katika kuendeleza maudhui na kueleza jinsi mbinu ya kinaya ilivyotumiwa katika usawiri wa wahusika viongozi katika riwaya ya Chozi la Heri na tamthilia ya Kigogo. Utafiti huu utaongozwa na nadharia ya uhakiki wa mtindo na uchanganuzi wa data utaongozwa na mihimili ya nadharia hii kisha matokeo yatawasilishwa kwa njia ya maelezo.Item Maongezi Katika Riwaya Za Kiswahili(Karatina University, 2022-08-08) Ng’etich1*, Daniel Kiprugut; Wafula1, Richard Makhanu; Maitaria1, Joseph NyehitaIKISIRI Makala hii inaangazia dhima ya maongezi katika riwaya ya Kiswahili. Riwaya ni mojawapo wa tanzu muhimu za fasihi ya Kiswahili ambayo inaendelea kukua kwa upande wa wahusika, dhamira, maudhui, mtindo na upeo. Utanzu wa riwaya ya Kiswahili ulianza mwanzo wa karne ya ishirini wakati James Juma Mbotela alipoandika riwaya ya Uhuru wa Watumwa (1934). Ukuaji wake umeshika kasi zaidi katika mwongo wa mwisho wa karne ya ishirini na mwanzo wa karne ya ishirini na moja. Ni muhimu pia kutambua kuwa, utungaji wa riwaya umeendelea kukua sambamba na uhakiki wake. Katika karne ya ishirini na moja, riwaya ya Kiswahili imefikia utungaji wa kimajaribio (Mwamzandi, 2013:48-66 na Mohamed 2003:78-79). Katika riwaya za kimajaribio, watunzi hujumuisha nadharia, visasili pamoja na kuzungumzia masuala ya utandawazi na soko huru. Ni riwaya ambazo hukiuka miundo ya riwaya iliyozoeleka. Kwa upande wa maongezi, usemaji wa wahusika katika riwaya umekua kutoka sahili hadi changamano kutokana na masuala yanayojadiliwa katika riwaya mahususi. Ni maoni ya waandishi wa makala hii kuwa, usemaji wa wahusika unaweza kuathirika na vipindi vya kihistoria hivyo basi kuwa na mchango muhimu katika maendeleo ya riwaya. Madhumuni ya makala hii ilikuwa ni kuainisha maongezi katika riwaya za Kiswahili. Riwaya ambazo zilichanganuliwa kwa mujibu wa makala hii ni Kusadikika (1951), Mafuta (1984) na Kufa Kuzikana (2003). Riwaya hizo ziliteuliwa kuwakilisha vipindi mahususi vya ukuaji na maendeleo ya riwaya ya Kiswahili. Makala hii iliongozwa na nadharia ya Uchanganuzi wa Usemi Hakiki. Kutokana na uchanganuzi huo, makala hii imebainisha mchango wa maongezi kwa ukuaji, maendeleo na uumbufu wa utanzu wa riwaya kwa ujumla.Item Hadhira ya ushairi huru wa Kiswahili ni ipi ?(Jarida la Mnyampala, 2021-10-20) Maitaria, JosephMakala hii inaangazia mustakabali wa hadhira katika upokezi wa ushairi huru wa Kiswahili. Mwanzoni mwa miaka 1970, ushairi huu ulijitokeza kwa kasi na ulituhumiwa kwa kutozingatia arudhi za kimapokeo. Watunzi wa awali wa ushairi huu walikuwa wataalamu wa lugha na wahakiki wa fasihi; waliotoa maelezo muhimu kuhusu dhana na sifa za ushairi wa Kiswahili. Kabla ya miaka 1960, ushairi wa kimapokeo ulikuwa umesambaa na umezoewa katika jamii. Kujitokeza kwa ushairi huru kulisababisha watunzi na hadhira kugawanyika katika makundi: lile linalojinasibisha na arudhi, lile lisilojinasibisha na arudhi, na lile linalojinasibisha kwa kiasi na arudhi hizo. Katika miaka ya 1970, waliouendeleza zaidi ushairi huru walikuwa ‘vijana’ waliobahatika kupata elimu ya juu katika taaluma ya fasihi na walitarajia kuchangia katika ufafanuzi wa dhana na sifa za ushairi wa Kiswahili kwa ujumla. Swali linalofafanuliwa katika makala hii ni: kwa nini ushairi huru wa Kiswahili ni kivutio cha wataalamu wa lugha na wahakiki wa fasihi? Nadharia ya Semiotiki imetumika kufafanulia matini za lugha kama viishara na viashiria vinavyohitaji kufasiriwa. Data ya uchanganuzi ilitokana na upitiaji wa mashairi katika diwani teule za mashairi ya Kiswahili. Aidha, data nyingine ilitokana na usaili na hojaji kwa wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu na wataalamu wa lugha na fasihi.Item Local Perceptions of Droughts and Conflicts in Laikipia West Sub-County, Kenya(Journal of Arts & Humanities, 2020-11) Mwangi, Joyce W.; Kamau, Peter N.; Ouna, Tom O.Laikipia West Sub County in Kenya experiences frequent droughts and conflicts. This study sought to analyse local communities’ perceptions of the relationship between drought and conflicts in Laikipia West Sub County, Kenya. The study examined trends in droughts and conflicts in Laikipia West Sub County between 2007 and 2018 and analysed local views on the relationships between droughts and conflicts. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with key informants involving 174 participants. The study also relied on secondary data from the County Government of Laikipia and other government agencies. This study has found that severe droughts in the study area occur in the months of January to March and this also the period when most conflicts happen. An analysis of narratives from participants in the study showed that local perceptions of droughts and conflicts are mostly influenced by ethnicity and livelihood conditions. Residents of Laikipia West Sub County identified at least ten drought adaptations strategies which can be implemented in their localities. This study has revealed opportunities for collaboration between local communities and governments to address droughts and conflicts in Laikipia West Sub County. The findings of this study will be useful in formulating long term strategies to mitigate droughts and conflicts in the study area.Item GIS Analysis of Physical Accessibility to Food Markets in Tharaka Region of Kenya(Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 2020) KIBETU, Dickson Kinoti; HUHO, Julius Mburu; OUNA, Tom OdhiamboIn semi-arid rural Kenya, most households travel long distances to access food markets. This has negative effects on food consumption and the use of market facilities. Over70 % of farmers in Tharaka Constituency lack access to formal markets often relying on contracted middlemen who buy at farm gate for traders in major urban centres. Studies on intravariation in accessibility to market services remains scanty, yet market purchases account for most food consumed across urban and rural areas. Distance defines accessibility and performance of market facilities in most areas where food insecurity and malnutrition are common. This study used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to measure physical accessibility to open air markets within semi-arid Tharaka, a constituency where vulnerability to acute food shortage is comparatively high. Normative, administrative and geospatial datasets were used in the analysis. Results showed that geographic accessibility to local market centres vary spatially across the villages. In terms of market accessibility, 40.4% of the total population live in areas with high inaccessibility risks while 36.1% are found in places with low inaccessibility risks and only 23.5% of the population exists in areas with moderate inaccessibility risks. This means a large proportion of deprived population live in villages within high to very high inaccessibility risk areas. This spatial inequity has implications on household food security and explains the chronic problems of hunger and malnutrition experienced in the area. Therefore, markets within high inaccessibility risk areas should be upgraded and infrastructure thereof improved to enable food mobility across these areas.Item Metaphoric Conceptualizations of Death in Gĩkũyũ(KOAJKorea Open Access Journals, 2017) Gathigia, Moses GatambukiUsing the dictum that metaphor is a conceptual mapping from a concrete source domain to an abstract target domain, this paper identifies and categorizes the metaphors of death in Gĩkũyũ using the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. To achieve this objective, a purposive sample of twenty speakers of Gĩkũyũ was interviewed. The study collected 47 metaphors of death as the target domain. Having employed the mnemonics “TARGET DOMAIN IS SOURCE DOMAIN” as posited by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the study identified four conceptual metaphors of death in Gĩkũyũ as follows: DEATH IS A JOURNEY; DEATH IS THE END; DEATH IS A REST; and DEATH IS A SUMMON. The study concludes that the Cognitive linguistics model provides tools for understanding, interpreting and accounting for metaphors of death in Gĩkũyũ.