Department of Humanities and Languages
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Item Role of culture in conflict management- a case of Tetu subcounty, Kenya(Journal of Arts & Humanities, 2019) Joseph, Ann Njeri; Osamba, Joshia Otieno; Murage, Josiah KinyuaSince independence the Kenya government has effectively promoted western administrative and judicial systems in all parts of the country, including Tetu Sub-County of Nyeri County to enforce law and order as well as to dispense justice. However, various forms of conflicts have become more pronounced in the area in the last twenty years. These conflicts include gender-based violence, land related conflicts, family conflicts and value-based conflicts, among others. This study examined ADRMs (Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms)among the Agikuyu of Tetu Sub-County. The objective of the study was to assess how ADRMs could be incorporated into modern legal system to manage disputes. The study employed the historical research design. It used primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from archival sources and from oral interviews with informants. The target population comprised one hundred and twenty two Agikuyu from Tetu Sub County. The informants comprised both elderly persons and the youth. The youth informants were identified through simple random sampling while the elders were identified through purposive and snowball sampling procedures. Secondary data was obtained from published works including journals and dissertations. The study affirmed that there is need for incorporating ADRMs in a better way than it is in the modern legal system today. The findings of the study have enriched Kenya’s cultural history.Item The Migrant Labour System in the Asian-Owned Sugar Plantations in Kisumu County, Kenya, 1940 –1963(jiarm, 2016-06) Osamba, Joshia OtienoThis paper examines the contribution of the African migrant labour to the expansion of Asian sugar plantation industry in Kisumu County of Kenya. These factors included government policies and the availability of cheap African labour. The article is informed by the underdevelopment theory. Using the perspective, the paper demonstrates how colonial land and labour policies led to the underdevelopment of the peasant sector in Kisumu County. It was through the establishment of colonial rule that the County was incorporated into the World Capitalist System. Asian capitalist farming was concentrated in few areas such as the Kibos-Muhoroni Settlement, leaving the rest in pre-capitalist state which could be exploited as low cost labour reservoir. Thus, the Asian settlement area served as an "export enclave" to which the African reserves provided cheap labour. The growth of such "export enclaves" contributed to the underdevelopment and impoverishment of the peasant sector. The article contends that colonial capitalism had numerous negative effects on the African peasants in Kisumu County. It concludes that colonialism in its manifold forms intensified the underdevelopment in Kisumu County. Material for the article is derived from archival research, oral interviews and analysis of existing works on socio-economic history in general and agriculture in particular. The study contributes to the Asian historiography in Kenya.Item The Forgotten Minority: The Origins of the Asian-Owned Sugar Plantation Agriculture in Kisumu County, Kenya(Scholars Academic and Scientific Publishers, 2016) Osamba, Joshia OtienoAbstract: This paper traces the origins and development of Asian sugar plantation agriculture and industry in Kisumu County of Kenya. The sugar plantation economy still remains the cornerstone of the County’s economy. The study examines the factors for the emergence of the sugar plantation economy such as the completion of the Uganda railway, colonial land policies and the climatic conditions among others. The study points out that the colonial government in Kenya established and maintained authoritarian labour policies characterized by forced labour, land alienation and taxation. These colonial labour policies gradually induced Africans to join wage labour. Even though the colonial labour policies were mainly aimed at assisting the European settlers, coincidentally the Asian settlers to some extent benefitted too. Material for the study is derived from archival research, oral interviews and analysis of existing works on socioeconomic history in general and agriculture in particular. The study is informed by the underdevelopment theory. Using the perspective, the study demonstrates how colonial land and labour policies led to the underdevelopment of peasant sector in Kisumu County. The local people from the surrounding locations tended to work in the nearby Asian sugar plantations because of economic and social reasons and also because the locations were set aside for labour within Kisumu County. Although there was only a limited land alienation for Asian settlement in Kisumu County, its negative effect had become pronounced by the Second World War period. The article contends that colonial capitalism had numerous negative effects on the African peasants in Kisumu County. First, land alienation which was meant to provide land for Asian settlers and to force the local people into wage labour limited the land available to the local people. It concludes that colonialism in its manifold forms intensified the underdevelopment in Kisumu County. The study contributes to the Asian historiography in Kenya. In addition it explores the contribution of African labourers to Asians’ agricultural endeavours. Keywords: Capitalism; labour; plantation; sugar industry; underdevelopment.Item The Forgotten Minority: The Origins of the Asian-Owned Sugar Plantation Agriculture in Kisumu County, Kenya(Scholars Academic and Scientific Publishers, 2016) Osamba, Joshia Otieno